Methodology and Quality Update

Latest Update on Methodology and Quality

29/04/2025

Statistical Presentation

Data description  

Supply and use provide an integrated and consistent picture of the economy in terms of economic activities and products. The supply table shows the sources of product supply in the national economy (domestic or imported), while the use table shows the divisions of the use of this product supply through intermediate consumption by economic activities, final consumption expenditure (household, government, and non-profit institutions), gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventory, or exports at the product level.
The Saudi economy in the supply and use tables was divided into 298 activities and 299 products, selected based on their importance and contribution to gross domestic product, as well as according to user needs and the availability of detailed statistical data. Analytically, supply and use tables form the basis for constructing the input-output table, which provides a statistical description of economic performance and important data for macroeconomic analysis. They also reveal the interlinkages between economic activities, supporting decision-makers and policymakers in various economic and social fields. 
Data for supply and use tables and the input-output table are collected as follows:
•    It relies on two main sources for its data:
-    Statistical surveys, carried out by the General Authority for Statistics.
-    Administrative records, through which data can be obtained annually.
•    Supply and use tables and the input-output table are issued annually.
•    The reference framework for national accounts statistics is the System of National Accounts 2008 (SNA2008).
•    National accounts statistics are subject to international standards in their data collection and classification.
The most important classifications on which supply and use tables, and the input-output table depend: 
•    National Classification of Economic activities (ISIC 4).
•    The Central Product Classification (2.1CPC).
•    Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP).
•    Classification of the Function of Government (COFOG).
•    The Harmonized System of Foreign Trade (HS).
•    Balance of Payments Manual - Sixth Edition (BPM6).
•    The Government Finance Statistics Manual (GFS).

Classification system

The following classifications apply in the supply and use tables and the input-output table.
National Classification of Economic activities (ISIC4):
It is a statistical classification based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of all economic activities, as the International Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities is the reference classification for productive activities. Economic activity is also defined as (all the works or services that an establishment practices or provides that generate a financial return for it. Sometimes the establishment does not reap a financial return from its work, as is the case with charitable organizations that rely on donation).
The Central Product Classification (CPC2.1):
The Central Product Classification constitutes a complete classification of products that includes goods and services. The purpose of this classification is to be an international standard for collecting and classifying all types of data that require details about products, including industrial production, national accounts, domestic and foreign trade in basic goods, and international trade in services, balance of payments, consumption, and price statistics; other purposes are to provide a framework for international comparison and to encourage coordination between different types of statistics relating to goods and services.
Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (CoICOP): 
The International Reference Classification of Household expenditures.
Classification of the Function of Government (COFOG):
The Classification of the Function of Government (COFOG), which is compatible with the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA) issued in cooperation with the Organization for Cooperation and Development, is one of the pillars of the guide, as it classifies "government expenditures" according to their functional nature to measure the extent to which government expenditures achieve their general objectives, helping analysts and performance monitors of government agencies evaluate the effectiveness of government spending.
The Harmonized System (H.S 2017) issued by the World Customs Organization: (WCO):
It is a table for describing and classifying goods that includes subheadings, their numerical codes, sections, and chapters, according to the Harmonized System (HS) Convention for the classification and coding of goods signed in Brussels.
The Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014:
The Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014 is a specialized macroeconomic statistical framework designed to support the analysis of public finances. This manual provides economic and statistical reporting principles for use in compiling statistics and describes guidelines for presenting large-scale statistics within an analytical framework that includes appropriate budget lines consistent with the guidelines.
Balance of Payments Manual - Sixth Edition (BPM6):
The Balance of Payments Manual (Sixth Edition, BPM6), prepared by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), is one of the most important statistical systems that has been harmonized with the System of National Accounts 2008 (SNA 2008). The accounts of the external sector in the System of National Accounts serve as the link between the two systems, where both systems align in many recommendations, whether in presenting accounts or recording and evaluating transactions.
The classifications are available on the GASTAT’s website: www.stats.gov.sa

Sector coverage

Supply and use tables and the input-output table cover the following economic activities:
•    Agriculture, forestry and fishing.
•    Mining and quarrying activity.
•    Manufacturing industry activity.
•    Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supplies.
•    Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities.
•    Construction.
•    Wholesale and retail trade, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles.
•    Transportation and storage.
•    Accommodation and food services activities.
•    Information and communication.
•    Financial and insurance activities.
•    Real estate activities.
•    Professional, scientific and technical activities. 
•    Administrative and support services activities.
•    Public administration and defence, compulsory social security.
•    Education.
•    Activities in the field of human health and social work.
•    Arts, entertainment and recreation.
•    Other service activities.
•    Household activities.

Statistical concepts and definitions

Terminologies and concepts related to Supply and use tables and the input-output table: 
•    Institutional unit:
-    It is the smallest unit of economic activity with the freedom to manage its resources, including buying, selling, consuming, investing, lending, and borrowing. It has independent accounting records. This concept excludes branches of institutions that do not have decision-making freedom and are subject to the decisions of the head office. Typically, the accounts of these branches are consolidated into the financial statements of the parent institution. 
-    This concept includes legal and social entities such as (Monshaat) institutions, business sectors, non-profit institutions, and the government sector, as well as any individual or group of individuals representing a single household.
•    Economic territory:
It is the geographical area under a central administration where people, goods, and capital move freely, and it includes: 
-    Airspace, territorial waters, and the continental shelf in international waters where the country has rights. 
-    Regional areas in the rest of the world such as the country’s embassies abroad. 
-    All free trade zones or warehouses subject to customs control. On the other hand, foreign embassies and the areas of international bodies in the country are outside the economic territory.
•    Residence:
An institutional unit is defined as a resident when it has a center of economic interest in the economic territory of a country or group of countries and residence is a feature of particular importance to an institutional unit from a balance of payments perspective because the system is based on it in determining transactions between residents and non-residents.
•    Price systems:
The 2008 System of National Accounts clarifies the different bases for the evaluation of supply and use table items, the timing of recording transactions and the mechanisms for moving from one price basis to another, in relation to both the supply table and the domestic production and imports, and the use table, such as intermediate consumption and final consumption of goods and services.
There are three types of prices involved in Supply and use tables and the input-output table that can be detailed as follows:
•    Basic price:
The price that the producer receives from the buyer for a unit of a good or service produced as an output minus any taxes paid, plus any subsidies received by the producer on that unit as a result of its production or sale.
•    Producer price:
It is the basic price plus taxes on products excluding value-added tax, minus subsidies on products. This price does not include the transportation cost, which appears separately on the purchase invoice, nor trade margins. 
•    Purchaser price:
It is the price paid by the purchaser in exchange for one unit of goods or services of the product, and it is equal to the Producer price plus the value-added tax not deducted from the purchaser and the transportation cost that appears in the invoice separately and the trade margins
•    Production: 
The value of goods and services produced by an economic activity of resident institutional units using production inputs during the accounting period, including finished and unfinished products, and products for self-consumption. The evaluation is usually at the producer price, which is the market value at the factory gate.
The value of non-market outputs of activities providing non-market goods and services is also included. The production of goods and services includes the following points:
-    The production of goods and services for the purpose of sale, and when the goods are not sold, they are accounted for as a change in inventory.
-    Production of goods and services with the intention of using them in self-intermediate consumption (production in terms of supply and intermediate consumption in terms of use).
-    Production of goods and services with the intention of using them for own final consumption (production in terms of supply and final consumption in terms of use).
-    Production of goods and services with the intention of using them in the formation of own capital (production in terms of supply and capital formation in terms of use).
-    Production of goods and services that are given free of charge to employees within the scope of incentives (production in terms of supply and compensation of employees in terms of initial income distribution and final consumption of families in terms of use).
-    The production of research and development as investment (production in terms of supply and capital formation in terms of use).
-    Housing services occupied by its owners (calculated estimated rent).
*Note: Goods that are lost or damaged during production or distribution are not counted in production.
•    Market and non-market production:
There are two types of production in the System of National Accounts: 
-    Market production:
Production is considered market-based if the products are sold at economic prices or prices with economic significance, meaning the selling price covers at least half of the production cost.
-    Non-market production:
It is the production of goods that are provided for free or at prices with no economic significance, meaning the selling price does not cover at least half of its production cost. Therefore, this production is considered non-market.
•    Market Goods and Services:
The value of goods and services that are sold in the market or that are mainly prepared for sale in the market at a price aimed at covering the cost of production and making a profit, and it includes all goods and services produced locally and imported.
•    Non-market goods and services:
The value of other services provided at a price that does not usually cover the cost of their production (free or at a nominal price), mostly consisting of the production of government service producers, non-profit institutions serving families, and domestic workers in the household sector.
As for government production and the production of non-profit institutions, production is typically evaluated by the total production costs (intermediate consumption + compensation of employees + depreciation of capital). This production is considered final consumption for these sectors.
•    Financial intermediation services measured indirectly:
Is the value of financial intermediation services provided by banks and is estimated by the value of loans multiplied by the difference between the lending interest rate and the reference rate plus the value of deposits multiplied by the difference between the discount rate and the deposit interest rate. The SNA recommends distributing this production to the economic activities benefiting from the service (intermediate consumption, final consumption, imports, and exports).
•    Insurance services:
The production of insurance institutions is calculated from the difference between the contributions earned plus the returns on shares and investment on the one hand, and the compensation paid on the other hand.
•    Trade Margin:
Trade margins pertain only to goods and represent the difference between the selling price of goods and the purchase price with the intention of selling these goods in the same condition. In some cases, we find produced goods that were not sold, so they constitute an additional inventory of goods, as well as we find selling goods that are taken from the inventory, and therefore the trade margin is calculated in the following way: Sales - purchases + change in inventory (end inventory - beginning inventory). Gross trade margins are considered the production of trade activity.
•    Transport margins:
It is the activity of transporting goods purchased to the place of delivery where the buyer bears the cost by adding them to the purchase invoice or placing a separate invoice for them.
•    Intermediate consumption:
Is the value of goods and services that are used as inputs to the production process, except for fixed assets whose consumption is considered depreciation of fixed capital and may convert these goods and services used or consumed entirely in the production process and may return some inputs to appear after they have been transformed and incorporated into the outputs, and there are inputs that may be consumed entirely, such as electricity and similar services.
Intermediate consumption contains:
-    Consumable purchases of raw materials (not all purchases because some of them remain in inventory or intermediate consumption is taken from inventory).
-    Goods and services produced by the units with the intention of using them for intermediate consumption
    Maintenance within the limits borne by the operating expenses because major maintenance can be considered as fixed capital formation.
-    The cost of electricity, water, fuel, telephone and internet, office supplies (paper, pens, newspapers, magazines), transportation costs, rent, advisory and research services (studies, accounting, law, advertising), assignments and seminar costs, and banking services.
•    Depreciation of Fixed Capital:
The decrease in the value of fixed assets used in production during the accounting period due to physical deterioration, obsolescence, or normal damage. This depreciation can be deducted from the total formation of fixed capital to obtain the net formation of fixed capital.
•    Government Final Consumption Expenditure:
It is the value of what the general government spends on individual and collective goods and services. It equals the total production value of the government minus the sum of marketed sales, adding in-kind social transfers and the production of the central bank carried out on behalf of the government. This is based on the consideration that the total value of government production equals the sum of intermediate consumption of goods and services, compensation of employees, and depreciation of fixed capital.
•    Households Final Consumption Expenditure:
The value of spending by resident households on goods (durable and non-durable) and services.
•    Final consumption expenditures of nonprofit institutions serving households:
It is the value of what these organizations spend on goods and services to provide for free or at nominal prices to families, and it is equivalent to the value of production minus marketed sales.
•    Gross Fixed Capital Formation:
It is the sum of the value of what producers hold of fixed assets, minus the value of fixed assets excluded by the producers (additions - disposals) during the accounting period, which are used in production for more than one year. Among these assets are housing, buildings and other structures, machinery and equipment, intellectual property products, and productive plants and animals. Gross fixed capital formation also includes spending on services that are added to the value of non-productive assets, such as land improvement, forest development, tree planting and orchards. The costs incurred when purchasing and disposing of assets (ownership transfer costs) are also considered as part of gross fixed capital formation.
•    Change in Stock:
The market value of change occurs during the accounting period of stock including raw material, product in process, finished products, animals for slaughtering, and purchased goods for resale. This represents the difference in the stock value at the end and at the beginning of the accounting period.
•    Gross Capital Formation:
It is the value of fixed capital formation plus the change in inventory.
•    Exports of Goods and Services:
The value of goods and services whose ownership is transferred from residents of the country to non-residents and includes exports of goods exported abroad and goods purchased in local ports by non-resident carriers. Service exports include all services provided to non-residents such as transportation and communications services, insurance, financial services, franchise rights, licensing fees, and personal services. cultural and government services.
•    Imports of Goods and Services:
The value of goods whose ownership has been transferred or the value of services provided from non-residents of the state to residents and includes goods that cross borders into the state and goods that are purchased in foreign ports by local carriers. It also includes those services provided to residents, including transportation, communications, insurance, financial services, and property rights. Franchise, license fees, personal and cultural services, and government services.
•    Price (CIF):
The prices paid by the importer for goods delivered within the country’s borders, including any costs related to insurance and shipping or the prices of services provided to a resident prior to the payment of import taxes or any other taxes on imports or on the margins of trade and transport in the country.
•    Price (FOB):
It is the price paid by the importer to receive a commodity within the borders of the exporting country after loading it on the means of transport and after paying any export taxes or receiving any tax deductions.
•    CIF/FOB adjustments:
It is the price of FOB equal to the price of CIF minus the costs of transport and insurance between the customs borders of the exporting country and the customs borders of the importing country.
•    Purchases by residents abroad:
It is the value of what residents spend outside the borders of the economic region on the purchase of goods and services.
•    Purchases by non-residents inside Purchases by non-residents inside:
It is the value of what non-residents spend within the borders of the economic region on the purchase of goods and services.
•    Compensation of Employees:
Includes all amounts owed to employees in return for their work, whether in cash or in kind, before deductions, such as the share of social insurance, taxes, and the like.
•    Wages and salaries:
The sum of wages and salaries in cash and wages and salaries in kind, before deductions.
•    Employer’s Social contributions:
The amounts paid by employers to the benefit of their employees into social security funds, insurance companies, retirement pension funds, or other institutional units responsible for managing social insurance plans.
•    Taxes on Products:
These are taxes due on goods and services upon their delivery, sale, transfer, or other disposition by producers, in addition to import taxes, which become due upon entry of goods into the economic territory and crossing borders, or upon provision of services by non-resident units.
•    Subsidies on Products:
Includes grants payable by the government to the private sector and public sector, and subsidies paid by public authorities to government projects to offset the loss caused by the government's policy of keeping the price at a certain level, and it can also be calculated as the difference between the target price and the actual market price paid by the purchaser. This difference will be covered by the government.
•    Net taxes on products and imports:
It is the value of taxes on products and imports minus the value of subsidies on products.
•    Other Taxes on Production
Other taxes on production include all taxes borne by resident units as a result of their production activities, regardless of the quantity or value of goods and services produced or sold.
•    Other subsidies on production:
Subsidies that resident units may receive as a result of their production (excluding subsidies on products), such as wage or labor subsidies, subsidies to reduce pollution rates or the use of certain types of workers.

Statistical unit

Not applicable.

Statistical population

Not applicable.

Reference area

supply and use tables and the input-output table cover economic activities in Saudi Arabia.

Time coverage

The data is available from the year 2018 to 2023. 

Base period

Not applicable.

Unit of measure

All values of the supply and use tables and the input-output table are in thousands of Saudi Riyals.

Reference period

The data for the supply and use tables and the input-output table are based on the first day to the last day of the current year.

Confidentiality 

Confidentiality - policy

According to the Royal Decree No. 23 dated 07-12-1397, data must always be kept confidential and must be used by GASTAT only for statistical purposes.
Therefore, the data are protected in the data servers of the Authority.

Confidentiality - data treatment

Data were displayed in appropriate tables to facilitate its summarization, comprehension, and results extraction. Also, to compare data with other data and extract statistical meanings for the study community. It is also easier to check tables without the need to see any sensitive or confidential data, which violates data confidentiality of statistical data.

Release policy

Release calendar

Supply and use tables and the input-output table are included in the statistical calendar.

Release calendar access

The release calendar is available at: https://www.stats.gov.sa/statistical-calendar-releases

User access

One of GASTAT’s objectives is to meet its clients' needs better, so it immediately provides them with the publication’s results once the publication of the Supply and use tables and the input-output table is published.
It also receives questions and inquiries of the clients about the Publication and its results through various communication channels, such as:
•    GASTAT official website: www.stats.gov.sa
•    GASTAT official e-mail address: info@stats.gov.sa
•    Client support e-mail: info@stats.gov.sa
•    Official visits to GASTAT’s official head office in Riyadh or one of its branches in Saudi Arabia.
•    Official letters.
•    Statistical telephone: (199009).

Frequency of dissemination

Annual.

Accessibility and clarity

News release

The announcements of each publication are available on release calendar as mentioned in 7.2. Release calendar access. The news release can be viewed on the website of GASTAT through the following link:
 https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/news

Publications

GASTAT issues the Supply and use tables and the input-output table regularly within a pre-prepared dissemination plan and is published on GASTAT’s website. GASTAT is keen to publish its publications in a way that serves all users of different types, including publications in different formats that contain (publication tables, data graphs, indicators, metadata, methodology, and questionnaires) in both English and Arabic.
The results of the Supply and use tables and the input-output table are available at:
https://www.stats.gov.sa/statistics

On-line database

Not available.

Micro-data access 

Not available.

Other

Not available.

Documentation on methodology

The framework for supply, use, input, and output tables is the System of National Accounts 2008 (SNA 2008). The concepts, definitions and classifications are based on international standards.
The System of National Accounts for 2008 (SNA2008):
The SNA is an internationally agreed standard set of recommendations on how to compile the procedures of economic activity in accordance with strict accounting treaties based on economic principles. The recommendations are expressed in terms of a set of concepts, definitions, classifications, and accounting rules that include an internationally agreed standard for measuring those items as gross domestic product (GDP) , the most well-listed indicator of economic performance. The accounting framework of the System of National Accounts allows the compilation and presentation of economic data in a format designed for economic analysis, decision-making and policymaking. The accounts themselves present in summary form provide a large mass of detailed information organized according to economic principles and concepts about the functioning of an economy. It provides a comprehensive and comprehensive record of the complex economic activities that take place within an economy and of the interaction between the various factors of the economy and the combinations of factors that occur in markets and elsewhere. 
(Reference)

Quality documentation

Quality documentation covers documentation on methods and standards for assessing, measuring, and monitoring the quality of statistical process and output. It is based on standard quality criteria such as relevance, accuracy and reliability, timeliness and punctuality, accessibility and clarity, comparability, and coherence.

Quality management

Quality assurance

GASTAT declares that it considers the following principles: impartiality, user orientated, quality of processes and output, effectiveness of statistical processes, reducing the workload for respondents. 
Quality controls and validation of data are actions carried out throughout the process in different stages such as the data input and data collection and other final controls.

Quality assessment

GASTAT performs all statistical activities according to a national model (Generic Statistical Business Process Model – GSBPM). According to the GSBPM, the final phase of statistical activities is overall evaluation using information gathered in each phase or sub-process. This information is used to prepare the evaluation report which outlines all the quality issues related to the specific statistical activity and serves as input for improvement actions.

Relevance 

User needs 

The internal users at the General Authority for Statistics of the data for supply and use tables and the input-output table:
•    Includes some statistical departments that make use of the data.
It includes external users who benefit significantly from the data of the supply and use tables and the input-output table, such as:
•    Government entities.
•    private sector
•    Regional and international organizations
•    Academic and research institutions.
•    International investors.
The disseminated key variables that external users benefit from include:
•    GDP at market prices (Production approach).
•    GDP at market prices (Expenditure approach).
•    GDP at market prices (Income approach)
•    Value added of economic activities.
•    The relative contribution of economic activities to GDP.

User satisfaction

Not available.

Completeness 

All inputs and results of the supply and use tables and the input-output table are in a complete state.

Accuracy and reliability 

Overall accuracy

•    Data is checked with previous years to identify any significant changes in the data.
•    The internal consistency of the data is checked before it is finalized.
•    The links between variables are checked and coherence between different data series is confirmed.

Timeliness and punctuality 

Timeliness 

GASTAT uses the Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS) issued by the International Monetary Fund. According to this Standard, all statistics agencies are required to publish data on an annual basis, and with a delay of not more than mid of year (180 days) after the end of the reference period. If the data are from different source, they may be published in a different frequency.

Punctuality

Publication takes place in accordance with published release dates for 
the supply and use tables and the input-output table in GASTAT webpage. The data are available at the expected time, as scheduled in the statistical release calendar, If the publication is delayed, reasons shall be provided.

Coherence and comparability

Comparability - geographical

The Department of National Accounts shall prepare statistics in accordance with internationally established standards and methodologies, with a focus on meeting the current and future statistical requirements of users, taking into account the highest degree of accuracy and efficiency in estimates, with easy access to and interpretation of data, and comparability regionally and internationally. This is in addition to taking into account the appropriate period between the information readiness and the reference period described by this information.

Comparability - over time 

The ability to compare the data of supply and use tables and the input-output table on an annual basis.

Coherence- cross domain 

Not applicable. 

Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics 

Supply and use tables are coherent with quarterly and annual GDP and are used to revise them.

Coherence- National Accounts 

Not applicable.

Coherence - internal 

Supply and use tables and the input-output table estimates have full internal coherence, as they are all based on the same corpus of microdata, and they are calculated using the same estimation methods.

Data revision

Data revision - policy

Not applicable, only final results will be published.

data revision- practice

Not applicable, only final results will be published.

Statistical processing

Source data

The supply and use tables and the input-output table rely on two sources for their data:
First source: 
Economic and social surveys, carried out by the General Authority for Statistics.
Second source: 
Administrative records, through which data can be obtained annually Such as: (Saudi Central Bank, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Environment, Water, and Agriculture, Capital Market Authority, and Zakat, Tax, and Customs Authority).

Frequency of data collection 

Annual.

Data collection

Data collection from administrative records:
In coordination with the General Directorate of Data Collection and Management to obtain the record data for the supply and use tables and the input-output table Publication Such as: (the Saudi Central Bank, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Energy, the Capital Market Authority, the Zakat, Tax, and Customs Authority, and the Ministry of Environment, Water, and Agriculture).
The data is stored in the authority's databases after undergoing auditing and review processes following approved statistical methods and recognized quality standards. If errors or discrepancies are discovered, the data is cross-referenced with the data source for correction or clarification.

Data validation

Data are reviewed and matched to ensure their accuracy and precision in a way that suits their nature with the aim of giving the presented statistics quality and accuracy. 
The data of the current year publication are compared with the data of the previous year to ensure their integrity and consistency in preparation for processing data and extracting and reviewing results.
In addition to the data processing and tabulation to check their accuracy, all the outputs are stored and uploaded to the database after being calculated by GASTAT to be reviewed and processed by specialists of National Accounts Statistics Department.

Data compilation

Specialists of National Accounts Statistics Department process and analyze data in this stage, some of the steps include the following:
•    Reclassifying data from administrative records so that data is consistent with standards, evidence and relevant classifications.
•    Summarizing detailed data into key points or data.
•    Combining many data segments and ensuring their interconnection.
•    Processing incomplete or missing data.
•    Processing illogical data.
•    Data are displayed in appropriate tables to facilitate its summarization, comprehension, and results extraction. Also, to compare data with other data and extract statistical meanings.
The most important treatments applied: 
•    Non-financial activities: 
The comprehensive economic survey issued annually by the General Authority for Statistics is one of the main sources for inputting data on non-financial activities in the supply and use tables. It provides detailed information on revenues and operating expenses. Economic activities are covered at the fourth level of the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, and products are covered at the third level of the Central Product Classification. The survey also provides data on compensation of employees, fixed capital formation, changes in inventory, depreciation, taxes, and other subsidies on production by economic activity. Regarding the structure of the supply and use tables, the production data for non-financial activities was distributed according to the primary and secondary products of each economic activity, based on the comprehensive economic survey data. Additionally, international classifications issued by the United Nations Statistics Division were used to complete this data. For intermediate consumption by products for each economic activity, the distribution of products was based on the comprehensive economic survey, in addition to being guided by international practices and reviewing technical coefficients to ensure consistency with the production inputs specified for each economic activity.
•    Agriculture activities: 
Data from the comprehensive agricultural survey and the survey of individual producers were relied upon, along with supplementary external sources, to ensure comprehensive coverage. Production data from these sources were estimated based on the value of sold production and production quantities. 
•    Agricultural production was divided into main production groups, including:
Crop production, animal production, fish production, honey production, wild truffles, and other secondary agricultural products. Agricultural services, including veterinary services, machinery rental, and consulting services, were estimated separately from the comprehensive agricultural survey. Additionally, fixed capital formation from the self-production of assets such as animals and trees were estimated. 
•    Oil activities: 
Oil activities are divided into the extraction of crude oil and natural gas, and oil refining activities. The data for oil activities is estimated from several sources, including detailed financial reports from Aramco, as well as data from the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) forms for the oil sector. Based on these sources, local production, intermediate consumption, fixed capital formation, and changes in inventory for oil activities are calculated.
•    Electricity activities: 
Electricity activities rely on several sources, including the comprehensive economic survey, financial reports from electricity and gas companies, and GDP forms specific to the electricity sector, which provide detailed data on the activity, such as production quantities, prices, and compensation of employees. Some estimates are also made for electricity production generated outside of electricity companies by using data on electricity purchases. Electricity activities are treated collectively to include generation, transmission, and distribution as a single activity.
•    Real estate activities:
The comprehensive economic survey was relied upon, alongside the Household Income and Expenditure Survey. The comprehensive economic survey provides the value of revenues and operational expenditures for real estate activities, while the Household Income and Expenditure Survey provides both actual and estimated rental values for housing. The intermediate consumption structure for real estate activities was also used to estimate intermediate consumption by product.
•    Household activities: 
Data related to household spending on domestic services were relied upon from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey and annual estimates from national accounts, in addition to the number of domestic workers from the labor force survey.
•    Financial activities:
The direct and indirect production of commercial and specialized banks (financial brokerage services calculated indirectly) was calculated through the financial statements of banks and the data of the Central Bank of Saudi Arabia, as for the use aspect, the detailed structure of the results of the form banks, insurance companies and financing companies completed by the Central Bank of Saudi Arabia, thus, the totals of intermediate consumption and fixed capital formation from the financial statements were reflected in the detailed structure of products on both the supply and use sides. Also, the production of the Central Bank was calculated using the cost method and direct production from the Central Bank's form results, and indirect production from the data published on the Bank's website. Additionally, insurance activities and pension funds were estimated using several sources, including the financial reports of insurance companies and the annual reports of the Insurance Foundation published on their official websites, as well as data published on the website of the Insurance Authority. Data from the Gross Domestic Product form submitted by the General Organization for Social Insurance was also utilized. Furthermore, production, intermediate consumption, and fixed capital formation totals for development funds, the Capital Market Authority, exchange companies, and financial technology companies were estimated and reflected from the results of the forms submitted by the funds, Capital Market Authority, and the Central Bank. Financial reports were relied upon to calculate production, intermediate consumption, and fixed capital formation for financing companies and holding companies.
•    Government activities: 
The detailed final account of the state and the data of the off-budget entities sent by the Ministry of Finance, where the government entities were classified according to COFOG classification and linked with ISIC4 classification in order to calculate the components of government activities in the tables of supply and use. Items of expenses and revenues classified in the final account, according to the classification of government finance statistics, were linked with the Central Product Classification (CPC) to obtain the table of domestic production and intermediate consumption for government activities according to the Central Product Classification, as well as to clarify and calculate operations according to the 2008 System of National Accounts. production in the government sector was estimated according to economic activities using the cost method, meaning that the total production equals the sum of the costs of production inputs (intermediate consumption), with compensation of employees and depreciation of capital added. To estimate the government final consumption expenditure, marketed sales are subtracted from total production, which was also classified according to the Central Product Classification, in addition to the production of the central bank carried out on behalf of the government, along with in-kind social transfers classified by transaction type in the final account.
•    Non-profit organizations serving households: 
Based on data from the non-profit institutions survey, where estimates were derived using the cost approach, as well as the estimation of compensation of employees and consumption of fixed capital, compensation of employees was obtained at the level of economic activities. The structure of intermediate consumption of products was used from the economic survey to distribute intermediate consumption by products for the same activities. Additionally, estimates from the annual national accounts for the non-profit sector serving households were used and distributed by economic activities and products according to the structure of the supply and use tables.
•    Exports and imports: 
The detailed data by the Harmonized System (HS) received from the Department of International Trade Statistics was drawn upon and linked to the Central Product Classification (CPC), as well as linked to the classification by broad Economic Categories (BEC) in order to identify imported goods by the end purpose of the commodity at the level of each product. Because of the importance and specificity of some strategic commodities such as oil exports and petroleum refining products, they have been placed in a special oil export matrix. The exports and imports of services have been based on the balance of payments data issued by the Saudi Central Bank, linked to the Central Product Classification (2.1 CPC), with the use of the structure of local production and household spending on certain service products to estimate the value of service exports and imports according to the related product group.
•    CIF/FOB adjustments:
It was calculated by the difference between the value of commodity imports from foreign trade data and the value of commodity imports from balance of payments data, and a descriptive column was added in the supply table called (CIF/fob adjustments). This adjustment was made at the column level by deducting the cost of shipping and insurance from commodity imports, while the adjustment at the row level was made by linking both the shipping value and the insurance value to their CPC products.
•    Purchases of residents abroad and purchases of non-residents:
The value of imports from the travel item in the balance of payments was considered the value of purchases made by residents abroad, while exports from the same item were considered the value of purchases made by non-residents inside. Additionally, the value of direct purchases made by residents abroad was added to total household consumption in the use aspect, and it was recorded with a positive sign under service imports on the supply side. Similarly, the value of purchases made by non-residents inside was deducted from total household consumption on the use side, while it was recorded with a positive sign in service exports on the same side.
•    Taxes on Products:
It consists of several matrices, the first of which is the VAT matrix, which is based on the VAT totals in the final account of the government issued by the Ministry of Finance and the redistribution of the total according to the detailed data of the VAT receipts received from the Zakat, Tax and Customs Authority on the first level of the International Industrial Classification ISIC4 then distribute the tax on the products detailed in the supply tables under the tabular categories according to the structure of local production in the supply tables for each year. The second is the matrix of other taxes on products and the third is the matrix of subsidies on products, where the direct items in the final account imposed on them another tax or subsidies and classified according to the Central Classification of Products.
•    Import duties: 
Two main sources were relied upon: Detailed data on import duties from the Department of Foreign Trade Statistics, disaggregated by the Harmonized System  (HS), and then converted to the Central Product Classification (CPC) through the linking files of the classifications, as well as the final account data of the Government with regard to import duties and tobacco duties data, the total value of import duties is reflected in the detailed values generated by the linking files at the level of the Central Product Classification (CPC), while tobacco duties are added directly to the corresponding product in the classification .
•    Transport and Trade margins: 
It was estimated by products through working with data from wholesale price statistics and retail prices, which consists of the monthly geometric mean of wholesale prices for products and the geometric mean of retail prices. These were used to calculate the annual average prices. Wholesale prices and retail prices were harmonized by linking the Central Product Classification (2.1CPC) and the Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP), then linking them to each other. The margin rate for each product was then extracted by calculating the difference between the retail price and the wholesale price for each product, divided by the wholesale price of the same product. These rates were considered the starting point for estimating the margins for each product, based on the calculated rates and the total supply of domestic production and imports at basic prices. Some adjustments to the margins were made during the equilibrium process.
•    Households Final Consumption Expenditure: 
The Household Income and Expenditure Survey was relied upon at the level of the Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP) and linked to the Central Product Classification (2.1 CPC). Data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey were converted into the supply and use tables. Some adjustments and updates were also made to the final household consumption expenditure in the supply and use tables during the balancing process between the supply and use sides, according to the commodity flow methodology at the product level. To reach the total final household consumption expenditure, the value of purchases made by non-resident households from the domestic market, Meanwhile, the value of direct purchases made by resident households abroad, which are considered imports under the travel item in the balance of payments, is added.

Adjustment

Not applicable, only final results will be published.